Monte Carlo simulation has emerged as a cornerstone in radiotherapy dosimetry, providing a first-principles approach to modelling the transport of photons, electrons and secondary particles through ...

With highly specialized instruments, we can see materials on the nanoscale – but we can’t see what many of them do. That limits researchers’ ability to develop new therapeutics and new technologies ...

A physical system is in equilibrium when its macroscopic properties such as pressure or temperature do not change over time. Nonequilibrium processes occur when environmental changes push a system out ...