Overview of protein engineering strategies. Directed evolution mimics natural selection in the laboratory through iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening. Rational design uses structural and ...

Cumulative culture -- the accumulation of technological modifications and improvements over generations -- allowed humans to adapt to a diversity of environments and challenges. But, it is unclear ...

The fine chemicals industry is turning increasingly to biological synthesis routes to fulfill the rapidly growing demand for enantiomerically pure pharmaceuticals 1. The rapidly changing product ...

Iran’s missile program expanded because Tehran lacked a modern air force and faced years of sanctions that made it harder to buy advanced conventional weapons. Reuters reported that Iran now has the ...

As a staff writer for Forbes Advisor, SMB, Kristy helps small business owners find the tools they need to keep their businesses running. She uses the experience of managing her own writing and editing ...

The use of the Escherichia coli enzyme β-glucuronidase (GUS) as a reporter in gene expression studies is limited due to loss of activity during tissue fixation by glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde. We ...

Janette Novak is a freelance journalist and consultant who specializes in teaching online business and small business marketing. Previously, Janette owned a boutique marketing agency and served as a ...